Depth well matching in fault modeling

The depth well matching functionality (model > Faults > Depth Well Matching) can be used when there is a mismatch between the position of a fault surface and a fault marker. At this stage of the modeling process it is advised only to correct minor mismatches, caused by interpolation errors. Shifting of surfaces over big distances should be avoided and large mismatches should be resolved during the data preparation stage (prepare > Post-Processing Tools > Depth Well Matching), preferably by reviewing the original interpretation. In case you have not assigned a marker set to the fault model or you have assigned one, but none of the surfaces have an associated marker in the marker set, then the modeling workflow step is skipped and the events in the Input table on the form are grayed-out.

You can well match faults, unconformities and intrusions that have been assigned to the fault model.

Mismatches between fault markers and fault surfaces (including unconformities and intrusions assigned to the fault model) are calculated and displayed as residuals in the residuals table on the form. The residual values are interpolated between the wells to create the correction distance. You can find the correction distance as a property, called residual property (WM Residual), in the Jewel Explorer under the tri-meshes of the faults in the Fault Model. You can visualize the correction distance together with the mismatches in a dedicated well matching view for QC purposes. It is recommended to review these values before applying the well matching.

As a result of the well matching, the fault surface shifts in space to align with the fault marker location. Both the calculation of the residual and the direction of the well matching correction takes place along the normal of the fault surface. Correction along the vertical axis could result in a large vertical shift of the fault plane as a fault plane is generally steep.

The calculation of the residual and the direction of the well matching correction takes place along the normal of the fault surface.    click to enlarge

Fault model  Select the fault model that contains the surfaces that you want to well match. When one or more markers of the marker set assigned to the fault model are excluded from modeling(*), a warning icon appears behind the selection drop-down, see image below. You can ignore the warning if you are deliberately excluding markers.

When not all markers in the selected marker set are included in the modeling, you are warned via the info icon on the form. You can ignore the warning in case you are deliberately excluding one or more markers from the marker set. In/excluding markers is done via the 'Use for modeling' column in the Marker Table.    click to enlarge

(*) A marker is excluded from modeling when its checkbox 'Use for modeling' is unchecked in the Marker Table. If you want to include the marker in well matching, check its checkbox. If the checkbox is disabled (grayed-out), this means the entire wellbore is excluded from modeling. First include the wellbore via the wellbore's context menu option 'In Model Data' (right-mouse click on the wellbore in the JewelExplorer), then check the 'Use for modeling' checkbox in the Marker Table, which is now enabled.

Wellbores  Select the well group that contains the wells with fault markers to which you want to match your faults. The 'Well Data' item in the JewelExplorer is automatically set to 'All wells' (default well group containing all wells). If you do not want to match to all wells in the selected well group, click the pencil behind the drop-down and make a sub-selection of wells in the 'Wellbore selection' dialog that opens.

When a new well is added to the selected well group in the JewelExplorer, it is automatically included when you re-calculate and/or re-run the well matching step.

Maintain surface intersection at wellbore without markers  With this option the fault position at wellbores without markers will be retained. If this option is unchecked, the residual interpolation can potentially affect the fault position at wellbores with no markers (the fault may move up or down).

In the Input table on the Input tab, you select the events (i.e. faults and unconformities/intrusions assigned to the fault model) that you want to well match.

Event To Match  This column lists all the events in the Fault Model (i.e. faults and any unconformities/intrusions assigned to the fault model) that have a tri-mesh representation (requirement for the well matching). Corresponding markers that exist in the Marker Set assigned to the Fault Model are indicated with a marker icon in the 'Match to' column. Check the box of the event(s) you want to well match and verify that the checkbox of the tri-mesh representation is checked.

When the checkbox of an event is grayed out, this is most probably due to the fact that the event has no corresponding marker in the marker set that has been assigned to the fault model (the 'Match to' column does not show a marker icon).
Important   Per event, make sure to include all the markers that you want to match to in one go. Do not well match in consecutive steps as the result might be different.

Residual Interpolation

With the settings under 'Residual Interpolation' at the right side of the Input tab you specify, per event, how the residuals (once they are calculated) should be interpolated over the modeling area. The residual properties 'WM Residuals Pre' and 'WM Residuals Post', which will be created after 'Calculate' and 'Apply' respectively, are created based on these settings.

Event  Select the event of interest in the Input table by clicking on it (it turns blue and a little arrow appears in front of the row). The name of the selected event will be displayed in light gray.

Method  Select an interpolation method to construct the surfaces.

Inverse Distance Weighting  This method uses the distance-weighted algorithm to interpolate the surface using the input locations as constraining input.

Ordinary Kriging (Legacy) This selection applies the geostatistical Kriging method to interpolate the property across the area. This type of Ordinary Kriging does not make use of the industry standard Kriging library and is performance optimized.

Power  This option is only enabled when method Inverse Distance Weighted is selected. The Power is the exponent used for the weighting of the distances. Choose a value between 0.5 and 7.

Function  This option is only enabled when Ordinary Kriging is selected. Specify the type of kriging: Exponential, Exponential power, Spherical, or Gaussian.

Major range  This option is only enabled when Ordinary Kriging is selected. Specify the major range of influence of the input locations.

Minor range  This option is only enabled when Ordinary Kriging is selected. Specify the minor range of influence of the input locations.

Azimuth(GN)  This option is only enabled when Ordinary Kriging is selected. Specify the azimuth (to Grid North) of the axis corresponding with the major range.

Power (Ordinary Kriging)  This option is only editable when the method is 'Ordinary Kriging' and the function is set to 'Exponential Power'. You can adjust the lateral extent of the kriging. Enter a value between 0 and 2.

Radius of influence  Check the box to use a radius of influence and enter a value in the entry field. The radius of influence determines the distance over which you allow the interpolation of the residuals (and ultimately the well matching) to take effect. When matching to markers, the marker is the midpoint of the radius of influence; when matching to point sets (not enabled for well matching faults and 3D mesh structural models), each node of the point set is a midpoint of the radius of influence. When you leave the box unchecked, the interpolation takes effect over the entire modeling area (no limit).

Repeat the above steps for all the events that you selected as input to the well matching. You can right-mouse click on an event and copy-paste the settings to other events.

You can copy-paste the residual interpolation settings from one event to the other.    click to enlarge

When you have finished the interpolation settings for each of the selected events, click Calculate at the base of the form and continue reading under Step 3 - QC the residuals.

After clicking 'Calculate' at the base of the form:

  • The Residuals tab opens with the calculated residuals displayed in the table. A residual is the difference between the input surface and the marker measured along the normal to the fault plane. In some cases an info-box may appear in the table cell, or a table cell remains empty. See Info-box and other scenarios in residual table below for explanations of the info-box messages and other special scenarios.
    • The JewelSuite convention is positive z, which means that positive residuals will shift the surface down, while negative residuals will shift the surface up.
  • Per event, a residual property WM Residuals Pre is added to the surface and to the marker. The property added to the surface is an interpolation of the residual values, based on the settings as specified under Residual Interpolation on the Input tab (Step 2). The name of the property reflects how it was generated: it contains the fault model name and marker set name.
  • In the Color Settings section on the form, the color scale is automatically scaled to the maximum absolute residual value and the colorset 'S_RedWhiteBlue' is auto-selected. You can change the color set and/or scale at any stage during QC by selecting/typing in the corresponding entry fields and clicking Update Colors.

Info-box and other scenarios in residual table

In some cases, no residual could be calculated, or a residual was calculated under special circumstances. In these cases an info-box with a short description of the issue is shown in the respective table cell. A cell can also remain completely empty, or an event can have multiple residuals in the same well. See below for an overview of all special scenarios that can occur in a table cell.

 

1)    The cell shows an info-box but does not contain a residual value. The info-box can contain the following messages (note that these messages may occur simultaneously):

  • No marker  The wellbore does not have a marker for the respective event. This can also happen when the wellbore intersects the surface multiple times but not each intersection has a corresponding marker.
  • No intersection  The wellbore does not intersect the surface of the respective event. Most probably the wellbore is located outside of the outer edge of the surface.
  • Marker excluded via 'Use for modeling'  The marker is not included in well matching as the 'Use for modeling' checkbox in the Marker Table is not checked.
  • Wellbore excluded via 'In model data'  The marker is not included in well matching as the 'In model data' option on the well's context menu is switched off. When 'In model data' is switched off, all markers of that wellbore are automatically excluded (grayed-out) in the 'Use for modeling' column of the Marker Table.
  • Marker depth not defined  The marker exists in the Marker Table but its MD depth is not defined.
  • Cause unknown  Another cause than the ones mentioned above has prevented the application from calculating a residual.

2)   The cell shows an info-box and contains a residual value. This means the residual was calculated under a special circumstance. The following message may occur:

  • No intersection  A marker is present for the wellbore but the wellbore does not intersect the corresponding surface due to the fact that the TD (total depth) of the wellbore is shallower than the surface. The residual is calculated via projection of marker on the surface.

Special scenarios with no info-box in the cell

The following special scenarios can occur while no info-box is shown in the cell.

3)   The cell is empty (no value and no info-box). This is not related to any modeling issue but due to the arrangement of residual data in table format. More specifically, a cell may remain empty when another event has multiple markers.

4)   There are multiple markers for one surface intersection. The application calculates the residuals for all these markers. In case you would proceed with the well matching, the application uses the marker closest to the surface (the other markers are ignored). The post residual property will show zero-residual for the used (closest) marker while the other markers keep a residual. Note that a well intersecting the fault multiple times (one marker at each surface intersection) is a valid scenario. It is therefore recommended to always check the wellbore and markers when multiple residuals for one event exist.

Before you perform the well matching it is important to review the residuals and assess whether they are acceptable, or whether you need to re-interpret one or more well markers. There are two ways to QC the residuals: via the table on the form and by displaying the residual property 'WM Residual Pre' in the dedicated Well Matching Residual View.

QC residuals using the table

The following table filter options are available:

Hide wellbores and representations when all their associated (absolute) residuals are smaller than  When the residuals table is very full, you can use this option to reduce the number of wells and/or surfaces shown in the table in order to focus on large residuals. You do this by entering a residual value in the entry field: when all residuals of a surface or wellbore are smaller than this value, the surface/wellbore will be hidden in the table.

Important   The controls on the Residuals tab do not affect the well matching in any way, they only act as filters for QC purposes.

Show residuals  This option is only available when you have already applied your well matching and you have pre-well matching and post-well matching residuals. Select Post Well Matching if you want to display the remaining residuals after well matching; select Pre Well Matching if you want to display the residuals prior to well matching.

Arrangement  This option determines the row/column arrangement of the table. The default selection By Representation places the events in rows and the wellbores in columns. Selecting By Wellbore places the wellbores in rows and the events in columns.

A maximum of 100 residual columns can be displayed in the table while the number of rows is virtually unlimited. If you have more than 100 wellbores, you can do one of the following: use the 'By Wellbore' arrangement (this places the wellbores in rows), set the 'Hide wellbores and representations' filter to reduce the number of table entries or export to CSV to see all data.

QC residuals using a property in a dedicated view

The 'WM Residual Pre' property shows you how much the surface will shift as a result of well matching. It is recommended to review this property in the dedicated Well Matching Residual View before carrying out the well matching. By visualizing this property in the dedicated view, you can see the full effect of the well matching on the entire surface.

To open the view, click in a cell in the residuals table. The objects displayed in the view depend on the clicked cell:

  • Clicking on a cell with a residual value displays the corresponding marker-surface combination in close-up view.
  • When the arrangement is 'By Representation', clicking in the same row (but not on a residual value) displays the residual together with all markers corresponding to the event.

You can make changes to the input and re-calculate the residuals based on updated settings. For example you can in- or exclude more wells or markers, update the interpolation settings, etc. Each time you click Calculate, the residual property is overwritten.

Once you are satisfied with the suggested surface correction, move to 'Step 4 - Well match the surface'.

Click Apply at the base of the form to apply the well matching and keep the form open, or click OK to apply the well matching and close the form. Upon clicking:

  • The input surface is overwritten with the well matched (output) surface.
  • Per event, a post well matching residual is calculated and displayed in the table. The post residual is the difference between the well matched surface and the marker measured along the normal to the fault plane.
  • Residual property WM Residuals Post is added to the well matched surface and to the marker. The property added to the surface is an interpolation of the residual values, based on the settings as specified under Residual Interpolation on the Input tab (Step 2). The name of the property reflects its origin (it contains the fault model name, marker set name and the input representation).
When you apply well matching in the fault modeling workflow, it updates and overwrites the assigned faults. You can undo the applied corrections by re-assigning the faults with the Assign Data step.
Surfaces are not moved vertically, but along the normal of the projection plane.

Visualize property WM Residuals Post in the dedicated Well Matching Residual View by clicking in a cell in the table on the form. Under normal circumstances this property shows (near) zero values at all output surface locations. At locations where the post well matching property is not zero, this means the well matched (output) surface could not honor all input data.

You can update your well matching results, e.g. by adding/removing markers, adding/removing wells, or updating the residual property interpolation settings and re-apply the well matching. Each time you re-run the well matching the residual properties WM Residuals Pre and WM Residuals Post will be overwritten, guaranteeing that these properties are in sync with the latest well matching run.

Exporting residual data

The 'Export residual data to CSV' option () located at the upper-right side of the residual table, lets you export your pre and post well matching residuals in CSV format. All residual data that has been calculated (or applied) is gathered in the export, irrespective of any filters applied to the table on the form.

Exported data also includes the 'angle of incidence' per calculated marker residual (not applicable when well matching to a point set): the 'pre well matching angle of incidence' is the smallest angle between the wellbore and the input surface, the 'post well matching angle of incidence' is the smallest angle between the wellbore and the well matched surface.

All available residuals are exported. In other words, if you calculated residuals (you clicked 'Calculate' at the base of the form), the export will contain the pre well matching residuals; if you applied your residuals (i.e. you clicked 'Apply' or 'OK' at the base of the form) then the export will contain the pre well matching as well as the post well matching residuals. Also, any filter settings applied to the table on the form take no effect on the export.

To export the data

  1. Click the 'Export residual data to CSV' icon.
  2. From the Export to... dialog that opens, save the CSV file at your preferred location.
  3. The file contains the following data:
    • Per wellbore the 'pre well matching' residuals and (if well matching was performed) also the 'post well matching' residuals, including their combined statistics (min, max, mean, median and standard deviation).
    • Per residual the 'angle of incidence'. The 'pre angle of incidence' is the smallest angle between the wellbore and the input surface, the 'post angle of incidence' is the smallest angle between the wellbore and the well matched surface.
    4. Important   Exported data is in SI units (i.e. meter for residuals and radians for the angle of incidence) irrespective of the display units in your project.

The angle of incidence, which is exported alongside the residuals in the CSV file, is the smallest angle between the wellbore and the surface.    click to enlarge

Creating a point set from all residual data (only for marker residuals)

With the 'Create point set(s) (in Data folder) with all marker residual data' option () located at the upper-right side of the residual table you can create, per surface, a point set from the corresponding residual data. The nodes of the point set represent the marker locations, the residuals (pre and post well matching) are stored as properties of the point set. Using point sets to store your well matching results allows you to create extra copies of your well matching actions (for reporting purposes) and to perform advanced analysis of the residuals (trends, scatter plots) and the angle of incidence.

The point set is stored in the Data folder under the respective event type (Faults, Unconformities or Intrusions). The point set name is assembled as follows:

Event name_WMResults (Fault Model name, Fault Model name, Marker set): Input representation

To create the point set(s)

  1. Click the 'Create point set(s) (in Data folder) with all marker residual data' icon.
  2. Verify that per event, a point set is created in the JewelExplorer > Data folder, under the respective event type (e.g. Faults, Unconformities or Intrusions).
  3. The point set contains the following properties:
    • Depth (default)
    • WM Residual Pre
    • (Optionally) WM Residual Post
    • Wellbore Names
    • WM Angle of Incidence Pre(*)
    • WM Angle of Incidence Post (if you applied the well matching with 'Apply' or 'OK' on the form)

    (*) See explanation of this angle under 'Exporting residual data' above.

  4. Visualize the point set and property of your choice in the 3D View by checking the boxes in the JewelExplorer.
    5. Important   Re-running the 'Create point set(s) (in Data folder) with all marker residual data' option will overwrite the previously created point set. To keep the previously created point set, rename it before performing the re-run.